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Understanding the Protected Access Modifier in Java

The protected access modifier in Java is used to restrict access to a class, method, or variable. It is more accessible than the default modifier but less accessible than the public modifier. In this tutorial, we will explore the protected access modifier in Java, its usage, and examples.

What is the Protected Access Modifier?

The protected access modifier is used to declare a class, method, or variable that can be accessed within the same package and by subclasses in other packages. It is a way to provide a level of encapsulation and abstraction in object-oriented programming.

Access Levels in Java

Java has four access levels:

  • Public: Accessible from anywhere
  • Protected: Accessible within the same package and by subclasses in other packages
  • Default (no modifier): Accessible within the same package
  • Private: Accessible only within the same class

Using the Protected Access Modifier

To use the protected access modifier, you can declare a class, method, or variable with the protected keyword. Here is an example:


public class Animal {
  protected String name;

  public Animal(String name) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  protected void sound() {
    System.out.println("The animal makes a sound.");
  }
}

In this example, the Animal class has a protected variable name and a protected method sound(). These can be accessed within the same package and by subclasses in other packages.

Example of Protected Access Modifier in Inheritance

Here is an example of using the protected access modifier in inheritance:


public class Dog extends Animal {
  public Dog(String name) {
    super(name);
  }

  public void bark() {
    System.out.println("The dog barks.");
    sound(); // Accessing the protected method sound()
  }
}

In this example, the Dog class extends the Animal class and accesses the protected method sound().

Best Practices for Using the Protected Access Modifier

Here are some best practices for using the protected access modifier:

  • Use the protected access modifier to provide a level of encapsulation and abstraction in object-oriented programming.
  • Avoid using the protected access modifier for variables, as it can lead to tight coupling between classes.
  • Use the protected access modifier for methods that need to be accessed by subclasses.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the protected access modifier in Java is used to restrict access to a class, method, or variable. It is more accessible than the default modifier but less accessible than the public modifier. By following best practices and using the protected access modifier correctly, you can provide a level of encapsulation and abstraction in object-oriented programming.

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